Abstract Background The F- and V-type ATPases are rotary molecular machines that couple translocation of protons or sodium ions across the membrane to the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP. Both the F-type (found in most bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts) and V-type (found in archaea. some bacteria. and eukaryotic vacuoles) ATPases can translocate either protons or so... https://www.shopnyples.shop/product-category/pencil-cup/